A Liquid Universe

Smashing together lead particles at 99.9999991% the speed of the light, scientists have recreated the first matter that appeared after the Big Bang.

Out of the wreck came a primordial type of matter known as quark-gluon plasma, or QGP. It only lasted a fraction of a second, but for the first time, scientists were able to probe the plasma's liquid-like characteristics — finding it to have less resistance to flow than any other known substance — and determine how it evolved in the first moments in the early universe.

"This [study] shows us the evolution of the QGP and eventually [could] suggest how the early universe evolved in the first microsecond after the Big Bang," said co-author You Zhou, an associate professor at the Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen in Denmark.

After the Big Bang, the universe was thought to be a soup of energy before it rapidly expanded during a period known as inflation, which allowed the universe to cool enough for matter to form. The first entities thought to emerge were quarks, a fundamental particle, and gluons, which carry the strong force that glues quarks together. As the universe cooled further, these particles formed subatomic particles called hadrons, some of which we know as protons and neutrons.  TO READ MORE, CLICK HERE...

Energizer Universe - Still Expanding

 From Abigail Beall of BBC FUTURE...

Let's start by saying the Universe is big. When we look in any direction, the furthest visible regions of the Universe are estimated to be around 46 billion light years away. That's a diameter of 540 sextillion (or 54 followed by 22 zeros) miles. But this is really just our best guess – nobody knows exactly how big the Universe really is.

That is because we can only see as far as light (or more accurately the microwave radiation thrown out from the Big Bang) has travelled since the Universe began. Since the Universe burst into existence an estimated 13.8 billion years ago, it has been expanding outwards ever since. But because we don't know a precise age for the Universe either, it makes it tricky to pin down how far it extends beyond the limits of what we can see.

One property that astronomers have tried to use to help them do this, however, is a number known as the Hubble Constant.

"It's a measure of how fast the universe is expanding at the current time," says Wendy Freedman, an astrophysicist at the University of Chicago who has spent her career measuring it. "The Hubble Constant sets the scale of the Universe, both its size and its age."

It helps to think about the Universe like a balloon being blown up. As the stars and galaxies, like dots on a balloon's surface, move apart from each other more quickly, the greater the distance is between them. From our perspective, what this means is the further away a galaxy is from us, the faster it is receding.  READ MORE

Our Universe

The Hubble constant expresses the universe’s present-day rate of expansion. There’s only one current expansion rate of the universe, but different studies are coming up with different answers for what it is.

Calculations based on observations of the early universe — namely, the cosmic microwave background (CMB) that is a sort of afterglow of the Big Bang — produce one answer for the Hubble constant. Observations of the “late universe” instead compare the distances of astronomical objects, often standard candles with known distances, to the speed those objects are moving away from us. The two techniques provide different answers, a discrepancy that has become known as the Hubble-constant tension.

The Hubble constant expresses the universe’s present-day rate of expansion. There’s only one current expansion rate of the universe, but different studies are coming up with different answers for what it is.

Calculations based on observations of the early universe — namely, the cosmic microwave background (CMB) that is a sort of afterglow of the Big Bang — produce one answer for the Hubble constant. Observations of the “late universe” instead compare the distances of astronomical objects, often standard candles with known distances, to the speed those objects are moving away from us. The two techniques provide different answers, a discrepancy that has become known as the Hubble-constant tension.The past decade or so has seen dozens of measurements of the Hubble constant, using sources near (in the box labeled "Late") and far (in the box labeled "Early"). There seems to be a discrepancy depending on whether the measurements are based on the early universe or the present-day universe, as seen in the box labeled "Early vs. Late," though the amount of discrepancy depends on which sources are used.

No one knows why the early and late methods give different answers. At first, people thought that more and better measurements would cause the numbers to converge. But instead, in study after study, the error bars have shrunk to the point where the difference has become statistically significant.

The first and most precise measurements of the current expansion rate were made using standard candles, sources with known luminosity. If we know how luminous a source is, then we can reckon its distance according to how bright it appears. The two most widely used standard candles are Cepheid variable stars and Type 1a supernovae, but there are many others.

NEW RESULTS
Two independent groups using data from the Hubble Telescope have just published new studies measuring the Hubble constant in different ways, yet their results match. The results give further credence to the late-universe consensus of an expansion rate around ~73 km/s/Mpc. But it also serves to deepen the tension, as studies published in the last decade calculating the rate from the properties of the CMB give an answer around ~67 km/s/Mpc. This may seem like no big deal, but the difference is big enough that some astrophysicists are calling it a “crisis for cosmology.”                  READ MORE

JESUS: An Extraterrestrial

Extraterrestrial life is hypothetical life which may occur outside of Earth and which did not originate on Earth. Such life might range from simple prokaryotes to intelligent beings and even sapient beings, possibly bringing forth civilizations which might be far more advanced than humanity. Wikipedia

Jesus Before Pilate

…35“Am I a Jew?” Pilate replied. “Your own people and chief priests handed You over to me. What have You done?” 36Jesus answered, “My kingdom is not of this world; if it were, My servants would fight to prevent My arrest by the Jews. But now My kingdom is not of this realm.” 37“Then You are a king!” Pilate said. “You say that I am a king,” Jesus answered. “For this reason I was born and have come into the world, to testify to the truth. Everyone who belongs to the truth listens to My voice.”…           Berean Study Bible 

It would be reasonable to conclude when one compares the two above paragraphs that JESUS could, in fact, have been an extraterrestrial who was visiting earth to share a religious faith with earth's inhabitants at that time...

AND YET...   to think of Jesus as being an extraterrestrial is rather absurd (sarcastically stated) given our knowledge of religion and of GOD as our Creator.

Actually, it makes absolutely PERFECT SENSE to suspect GOD, OUR CREATOR, as an Extraterrestrial...

AND...  one could now easily speculate as to how many "earth like" planets has JESUS visited spreading the word of GOD to those inhabitants.

AND...   this theory is far more logical that believing that ALL OF LIFE came from some sort of BIG BANG whose ingredients came from NOWHERE...